Name : Ahmad Sidik Muliyawan

NIM : A1 080923

Subject : Academic writing

Academic Writing

A Guide to Documenting Sources of Information

Author-Date (harcard) citation style.

In the page first, The author-date, or Harvard, style of referencing is widely accepted in academic publications, although you may see a number of variations in the way it is used.The information and examples on these pages are based on the Australian”Style manual for authors, editors and printer”. The various editions of this style manual have been produced as a guide for those working within Australian government departments.

This style of referencing requires that you acknowledge the source of your information or ideas in two ways:

• in the text of your work, when you refer to ideas or information you have collected during your research. Each reference is indicated by including the author and date of the publication referred to, or cited.
• in a reference list at the end of your text, which gives the full details of the works you have referred to, or cited.

In text referencing

• You may acknowledge the source of your information or ideas within the text of your work in various ways.

Reference list

• The reference list, normally headed 'References', should appear at the end of your work, and should include details of all the sources of information which you have referred to, or cited, in your text

Order of items in the list

• The items in the reference list are arranged alphabetically by the authors'surname. Where you have cited more than one work by the same author, those items are then arranged by date, starting with the earliest.

Format of citations in the reference list

• The details which need to be included in each citation in the list depend on the type of item referred to, e.g. book, journal article, or website.

The details, or elements, which are included in most citations, should be presented in this order: author, date, title of work, title of larger work (if any) publishing details

Traditional Footnoting Styles

• Though it can be tedious, source citation is an important step in the writing process. There are various types of citations, but the most commonly used are footnotes, which allow writers to document their sources using a numbered list at the bottom of each page of their documents. Most editors and professors tend to prefer different styles for citing sources, but the four most common styles are Modern Language Association, American Psychologycal Association, Turabian and Chicago.

Modern Language Association

• The Modern Language Association format requires that each footnote be only one sentence long. For works that have an author, the footnote should look like this: "Last name, first name. Title of Source. (Publication city, copyright date).

American Psychological Association

• American Psychological Association style is very similar to Modern Language Association style with a few exceptions. First, APA prefers that the copyright date come after the author name and before the source title. This date should be in parenthesis. Second, the source title should be italicized, not underlined or quote marked. In general, APA discourages the use of footnotes in papers that will be published, since it is costly for the editors to print footnotes on every page.

Turabian

• Turabian also requires a similar order of information in a footnote, but writes the author's name first and then last. For example, a Turabian footnote would look like this: "Erik Zurcher, Turkey A Modern History (London: I.B. Taurus, 2005), 15." The title should be italicized and the last number is the page number being referenced in the text.

Chicago

• In the Chicago style, footnotes are far less expansive than the references page that will come at the end of any paper. They provide only the last name of the author, the title and the page number of a source.
• The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems, the humanities style (notes and bibliography) and the author-date system. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars. If you are unsure what system you should use for your paper, please ask your professor, teaching assistant, or publisher which you should follow.

The humanities style is preferred by many in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less appropriate to the author-date system.

The more concise author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.